Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors present a versatile platform for a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical industries. These reactors employ hollow fibers as the main structure to facilitate mass transfer between stages. The unique design of hollow fiber membranes allows high surface area per unit volume, leading to optimized performance in

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) implemented for wastewater treatment offer several advantages over traditional methods. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely chosen due to their high mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and fouling resistance. , Nonetheless, performance optimization of PVDF MBRs is crucial in order to guarantee effic